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● Introduction (see). ● Immunological aspects of maternal immunization (see). ● Immune system of mother and fetus (see). ● The influence of maternal vaccination on the immune system in the first years of life (see) | Transfer of maternal antibodies through the placenta and breast milk | Possible interference of maternal antibodies in childhood vaccination: effect dullness (see) | Transfer of maternal cells across the placenta (see). ● Key points (see). ● Additional information on this website, bibliographical references and recommended references (see). |
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● The chapter has been revised and updated. 48 AEP’s online immunization manual on the immunological aspects of maternal immunization. ● All sections have been reviewed and bibliographical references and recommended references have been updated. ● This note examines the maternal and fetal immune systems and the impact of maternal vaccination in the early years of life through the transfer of maternal antibodies and cells. |
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AEP’s online immunization guidance continues to be updated. In this case, it was Chapter 48 on the immunological aspects of immunization, which emphasized updating the sections dealing with maternal immunization.
All sections have been reviewed and bibliographical references and recommended references have been updated. Included news about vaccination of children against covid for our country. This note summarizes the most noteworthy aspects of the update to this chapter. Both the chapter itself and this review, as well as the image accompanying this note, are the work of an immunologist. Jose Gomez Rialwho is grateful for your cooperation.
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newborn immunization This poses a challenge in terms of preventing infections that can be prevented by immunoprophylaxis, due to the greater risk of contracting infections because their immune system is unable to mount an effective protective response, and because of the very small number of vaccines authorized in the early days life.
maternal immunization It is a highly effective public health strategy to protect mothers, fetuses and infants from certain infections. Newborn protection is based on Transfer of maternal antibodies and maternal immune cells across the placenta and breast milk.. The required antibody concentration for effective protection, the optimal timing of vaccination, and the possible interference of maternal antibodies with subsequent vaccinations are still under study.
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Maternal immune system and maternal-fetal interaction:
Immune system of the fetus and newborn:
Maternal immunization is an effective way to reduce the risk of disease in the mother, fetus, and infant.
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Transfer of maternal antibodies through the placenta and breast milk.
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Possible interference of maternal antibodies in childhood vaccination: effect dullness
The influence of maternal IgG antibodies on the humoral response to vaccines administered in the first months of life is of concern: the presence of maternal antibodies may reduce antibody production in infants following vaccination, thereby affecting the child’s protection. This is known as dullness and may be associated both with antibodies transmitted by the mother to the fetus and with antibodies produced in response to natural infection during pregnancy. However, there are studies that have shown conflicting results and their actual clinical significance is unknown. Studies conducted in countries such as the US and UK where maternal Tdpa vaccination was carried out found no evidence of a clinically significant effect. Finally, maternal antibodies do not appear to influence the infant’s cellular immune response following primary vaccination.
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Transfer of maternal cells across the placenta
The transfer of maternal cells across the placenta during pregnancy can affect the fetal immune system. It has been found that maternal infection or vaccines can influence infants’ immune responses to pathogens and vaccines after birth. Although it is unclear how the fetal immune system is trained without fetal infection, it is thought that vertical transfer of antigens from mother to fetus and the presence of maternal cells in fetal tissue may play a key role. This phenomenon is known as microchimerism and may promote feto-maternal tolerance and improve outcomes in future pregnancies. Besides, microchimeric cells Maternal cells can generate fetal regulatory T cells, which suppress fetal T cell functions and prepare the fetal immune system to resist pathogens after birth. The presence of fetal memory T cells has also been observed in uninfected infants born to infected mothers, suggesting that the fetal immune system may respond to maternal exposure to pathogen antigens. Maternal vaccinations during pregnancy may affect the development of the fetus’ innate immune system and its ability to fight infections. The timing of maternal vaccination may influence the transmission of vaccine antigens to the fetus and its subsequent immune response.
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More information on this website
Bibliographical references and recommended references
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