Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer became the second leading cause of death in the world in 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
The most common types.
There are many types of cancer, and the most common ones vary depending on geographic region and other factors. Some of the most common types of cancer include lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, stomach and liver cancer.
Risk factors.
Risk factors for developing cancer may include genetics, age, smoking, exposure to carcinogens, radiation, obesity and others. Prevention and early detection are key to reducing risk and improving outcomes.
Detection and diagnosis.
Screening and diagnostic methods include screening tests such as mammography and colonoscopy, as well as blood tests and imaging studies. A biopsy, which involves removing and examining tissue, is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Care.
Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Treatment is often tailored to each patient’s specific needs.
Research and achievements.
Continued cancer research has led to advances in understanding its mechanisms and new treatments. Immunotherapy and gene therapy are rapidly developing areas of research that have shown significant promise.
Support and palliative care.
Cancer and its treatment can have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. Palliative care and emotional support are important components of comprehensive care.
Prevention.
The burden of cancer can be reduced by implementing evidence-based strategies for prevention, screening, early detection and treatment, and improving access to palliative care. The most common modifiable risk factors for cancer are similar to those for other noncommunicable diseases and include: tobacco use, low fruit and vegetable intake, harmful use of alcohol, and physical inactivity.
Some of the specific risk factors for cancer include chronic infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV) – in cervical cancer, hepatitis B and C – in liver cancer – and H. pylori – in stomach cancer.
It is estimated that 30 to 40 percent of cancers can be prevented by reducing exposure to these risk factors. Public health policies can be implemented to support individual healthy lifestyle choices, making it the simplest option. Many other cancers, especially cervical, breast and colorectal cancer, can be detected early and treated effectively through organized screening and early detection programs linked to access to timely treatment.
Cancer can be prevented and controlled through the implementation of evidence-based strategies for prevention, screening and early detection, treatment and palliative care. PAHO/WHO works with member countries on various aspects related to cancer prevention and control.
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