Many people experiencing flu symptoms decide to self-medicate with antibiotics without seeing a doctor. Despite numerous warnings from the medical community and awareness campaigns, inappropriate use of antimicrobials remains a global problem. This habit of self-medication may not only be ineffective against various types of infections, but it also directly contributes to one of the most troubling public health problems today: antimicrobial resistance.
Upper respiratory tract infections, such as colds and flu, are often caused by viruses. Although uncomfortable and disabling (they include symptoms such as cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever, headache, fatigue and general malaise), in most cases they are self-limiting infections, usually lasting between 3 and 10 days. At this time, the body’s immune system is responsible for fighting the virus. Symptoms usually disappear gradually, without the need for intervention beyond symptomatic treatment.
Despite this, many people turn to antibiotics in the mistaken belief that they will speed up recovery. But this practice, in addition to being useless in conditions of viral infections, is also dangerous. Antibiotics are designed to fight bacterial infections and do not work against viruses. Their use in these cases will not only not improve symptoms, but may have serious consequences both individually and collectively.
Consequences of improper use of antibiotics
One of the main consequences of misuse of antibiotics is the development of resistant bacteria. This phenomenon occurs when bacteria are repeatedly exposed to antibiotics, allowing them to develop defense mechanisms to resist their effects. Over time, bacteria that survive such treatment become resistant to previously effective antibiotics, making it difficult or even impossible to treat previously easily controlled infections.
Bacterial resistance is one of the most serious threats to global health today. Unless urgent action is taken, infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria could surpass cancer as the leading cause of death worldwide by the middle of this century, according to several international organizations. Common infections that used to be treated regularly, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or wound infections, can become life-threatening if antibiotics no longer work.
In addition, bacterial resistance affects other aspects of modern medicine. Medical procedures that rely on antibiotics, such as prophylaxis during surgery and in immunocompromised patients—those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplants—become much riskier. If effective antibiotics are not available, the risk of serious complications and post-operative infections increases significantly.
Another consequence of using antibiotics incorrectly is the side effects they can cause. Although these medications are generally safe when used correctly and as directed by a doctor, unnecessary use can cause a variety of adverse reactions. These include gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting; secondary fungal infections such as candidiasis; and, in severe cases, allergic reactions that may endanger the patient’s life. To make matters worse, repeated use of antibiotics can damage the gut microbiome, which plays a key role in digestive and immune health.
When are antibiotics needed?
It is important to note that antibiotics are life-saving medicines and, when used correctly, save millions of lives. They are essential for the treatment of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, pharyngitis and many others. Additionally, sexually transmitted bacterial infections such as syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea require appropriate antibiotic treatment to avoid serious complications.
However, it is imperative that antibiotics are used only as prescribed by healthcare professionals after the presence of a bacterial infection has been confirmed. Diagnosis must be based on a thorough clinical assessment and in some cases may require additional investigations such as laboratory and microbiological tests to determine the bacterial origin.
Treatment Alternatives for Viral Infections
In cases of viral infections such as colds or flu, which are the most common causes of respiratory discomfort during the colder months, antibiotics are not the answer. Instead of resorting to them, it is important to focus on supportive measures that relieve symptoms and help the body recover.
Recommendations for treating these viral infections include:
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Rest: The body needs time and energy to fight the virus. Adequate rest is essential for optimal functioning of the immune system.
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Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water, infusions, or broths, helps keep the throat hydrated, facilitates mucus expulsion, and prevents dehydration.
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Use of paracetamol or anti-inflammatory drugs. These medications can help reduce fever, pain, and general discomfort, making symptoms more manageable.
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Avoid smoking and polluted environments: Tobacco smoke and other irritants can worsen nasal congestion and airway irritation.
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Nasal rinses and sprays. Saline rinses or sprays with eucalyptus or similar substances can relieve nasal congestion and make breathing easier.
In addition to these recommendations, it is important to take preventive measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of infection, especially when your hands are dirty. If there are no visible contaminants, hydroalcoholic gels should be used, which eliminate a larger number of microorganisms. Wearing masks is another important measure to prevent infecting others. It is also recommended to cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with your elbow, and to avoid close contact with other people, especially in enclosed spaces.
On the other hand, vaccination campaigns against various respiratory viruses in recommended groups (elderly people, pregnant women, children and people with underlying health conditions) are vital to prevent this type of respiratory infections.
It is critical to educate the public about the dangers of self-medicating with antibiotics and to promote the correct use of these drugs to ensure their future effectiveness. For viral infections such as flu and colds, infection prevention measures and symptomatic treatment are key to preventing the spread of the virus and achieving a safe and uncomplicated recovery.